Quand un probabiliste se met en quête des secrets de la sélection darwinienne

Publications

preprint : https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02409

Unique Quasi-Stationary Distribution, with a possibly stabilizing extinction

We establish sufficient conditions for exponential convergence to a unique quasi-stationary distribution in the total variation norm. These conditions also ensure the existence and exponential ergodicity of the Q-process, the process conditioned upon never being absorbed. The technique relies on a coupling procedure that is related to Harris recurrence (for Markov Chains). It applies to general continuous-time and continuous-space Markov processes. The main novelty is that we modulate each coupling step depending both on a final horizon of time (for survival) and on the initial distribution. By this way, we could notably include in the convergence a dependency on the initial condition. As an illustration, we consider a continuous-time birth-death process with catastrophes and a diffusion process describing a (localized) population adapting to its environment.

preprint : https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.01441

Exponential quasi-ergodicity
for processes with discontinuous trajectories

This paper tackles the issue of comparing asymptotically the survival of a Markov process with extinction, depending on its initial condition. Such a comparison is a crucial step in recent techniques for proving exponential convergence to a quasi-stationary distribution. We introduce a weak form of the Harnack inequality as the essential ingredient for such a comparison. This property is actually a consequence of the property of convergence we intend to prove. Although its flexibility makes it difficult to grasp its full potential, we show in our illustrations how simply and efficiently it can be used. This makes it possible to treat such an exponential convergence for new classes of càdlàg strong Markov processes. As illustrations, we consider two continuous-time processes on Rd that do not satisfy the classical Harnack inequalities, even in a local version. The first one is a piecewise deterministic process while the second is a pure jump process with restrictions on the directions of its jumps. Although newly introduced, these examples are yet among the simplest ones for which our techniques are fruitful.

preprint : https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.10165

Adaptation of a population to a changing environment under the light of quasi-stationarity

We analyze the long-term stability of a stochastic model designed to illustrate the adaptation of a population to variation in its environment. A piecewise-deterministic process modeling adaptation is coupled to a Feller logistic diffusion modeling population size. As the individual features in the population become further away from the optimal ones, the growth rate declines, making population extinction more likely. Assuming that the environment changes deterministically and steadily in a constant direction, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of the quasi-stationary distribution, the associated survival capacity and the Q-process. Our approach also provides several exponential convergence results (in total variation for the measures). From this synthetic information, we can characterize the efficiency of internal adaptation (i.e. population turnover from mutant invasions). When the latter is lacking, there is still stability, but because of the high level of population extinction. Therefore, such a characterization must be based on specific features of this quasi-ergodic regime.

preprint : https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.10161

Two level natural selection with a quasi-stationarity approach

In a view for a simple model where natural selection at the individual level is confronted to selection effects at the group level, we consider some individual-based models of some large population subdivided in a large number of groups. We then obtain the convergence to the law of a stochastic process with some Feynman-Kac penalization. To analyze the limiting behavior of this law, we use a recent approach, designed for the convergence to quasistationary distributions, that generalizes the principles of Harris recurrence. We are able to deal with the fixation of the stochastic process and relate the convergence to equilibrium to the one where fixation implies extinction. We notably establish different regimes of convergence. Besides the case of an exponential rate (the rate being uniform over the initial condition), critical regimes with convergence in 1/t are also to notice. We finally address the relevance of such limiting behaviors to predict the long-time behavior of the individual-based model.

ESAIM: PROCEEDINGS AND SURVEYS, 2020,
Vol. 68, p. 123-152

Individual-based models under various time-scales

Les résultats récents présentés dans cet article décrivent des limites d’échelles de modèles individus-centrés. Grâce à eux, nous allons mettre en lumière les différentes échelles de temps car- actéristiques des variations démographiques et de la sélection naturelle. L’objectif n’est pas d’être exhaustif, tant au niveau mathématique que biologique. Néanmoins, ces résultats sont très complé- mentaires les uns des autres. Ils fournissent un aperçu des principales échelles de temps d’intérêt. Ils englobent notamment l’échelle de temps de la vie d’un individu, celle plus longue où la population peut être décrite comme une entité avec ses caractéristiques propres qui dirigent les dynamiques dé- mographiques, et au moins quatre autres échelles imbriquées sur lesquelles la sélection joue un rôle. La dynamique limite est généralement déterministe. Pour autant, puisque l’action de la sélection se base sur l’aléa présent dans l’histoire des individus, les probabilités apparaissent comme un élément clé pour comprendre ces résultats. Par ailleurs, la stochasticité peut aussi être conservée à la limite, par exemple pour modéliser de rares événements de fixation de mutations.

joint work in progress with M. Mariani and E. Pardoux
https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.14715

Quasi-stationarity in the Müller's ratchet model

Müller's ratchet model enables to analyse the adaptation stability of a population when deleterious mutations regularly affects new individuals. Here, we condition on the fact that the fittest individuals are still present in the population. Our purpose is to ensure the exponential quasi-ergodicity of the processes (with or without an upper-bound on the number of accumulating deleterious mutations). We also expect to ensure that individuals with too many deleterious mutations play a negligible role both for the survival of the fittest subpopulation and for the quasi-ergodicity of the population on a whole.